Perisynaptic Schwann cells phagocytose nerve terminal debris in a mouse model of Guillain‐Barré syndrome

In mouse models of acute motor axonal neuropathy, anti‐ganglioside antibodies (AGAbs) bind to motor axons, notably the distal nerve, and activate the complement cascade. While complement activation is well studied in this model, the role of inflammatory cells is unknown. Herein we aimed to investigate the contribution of phagocytic cells including macrophages, neutrophils and perisynaptic Schwann cells (pSCs) to distal nerve pathology. To observe this, we first created a subacute injury model of sufficient duration to allow inflammatory cell recruitment. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with an anti‐GD1b monoclonal antibody that binds strongly to mouse motor nerve axons. Subsequently, mice received normal human serum as a source of complement. Dosing was titrated to allow humane survival of mice over a period of 3 days, yet still induce the characteristic neurological impairment. Behaviour and pathology were assessed in vivo using whole‐body plethysmography and post‐sacrifice by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. ex vivo nerve‐muscle preparations were used to investigate the acute phagocytic role of pSCs following distal nerve injury. Following complement activation at distal intramuscular nerve sites in the diaphragm macrophage localisation or numbers are not altered, nor do they shift to a pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory phenotype. Similarly, neutrophils are not significantly recruited. Instead, ex vivo nerve‐muscle preparations exposed to AGAb plus complement reveal that pSCs rapidly become phagocytic and engulf axonal debris. These data suggest that pSCs, rather than inflammatory cells, are the major cellular vehicle for axonal debris clearance following distal nerve injury, in contrast to larger nerve bundles where macrophage‐mediated clearance predominates.     

Patient- and clinician-reported outcomes for the additively manufactured sub-periosteal jaw implant (AMSJI) in the maxilla: a prospective multicentre one-year follow-up study

The clinical outcomes of maxillary rehabilitation with the additively manufactured sub-periosteal jaw implant (AMSJI; CADskills BV) were evaluated in edentulous patients with a Cawood–Howell atrophy classification ≥5 in all regions of the maxilla. Fifteen consecutive patients were included in the study and followed up for 1 year. They were interviewed using a survey protocol and were examined clinically and radiographically preoperatively (T0) and at 1 (T1), 6 (T2), and 12 (T3) months after permanent upper prosthesis placement. The patients reported an increased oral health-related quality of life. The overall mean Oral Health Impact Profile-14 score at T0 was 17.20 (standard deviation (SD) 6.42). When results at T0 were compared to those at T1 (mean 8.93, SD 5.30), a statistically significant difference was seen (P = 0.001). At T3, the mean value was 5.80 (SD 4.18). Compared to T0, there was also a statistically significant difference at T3 (P = 0.001). General satisfaction based on the numerical rating scale was a mean 49.93 at T1, which was less than patient expectation prior to treatment at T0 (52.13). A higher overall value was seen at T3 (53.20) when compared to T0. Within the constraints of the short follow-up, the AMSJI appears to be a promising tool for patients with extreme jaw atrophy. The high patient expectations were met without complications.     

牙拔除术新技巧

随着口腔外科器械的发展与技术的进步，牙拔除术的治疗理念已逐渐向标准化、规范化、舒适化和人性化过渡，除普及规范、标准的手术技术外，在牙拔除术中如何选择合适的手术方法、掌握正确的拔牙技巧与原理是牙拔除术得以安全、微创、高效进行的保证，也为牙槽骨功能性保存与修复重建提供良好的条件与基础。文章就牙拔除术相关的新技巧做一介绍。     

二甲双胍通过激活AMPK/STAT3通路调控巨噬细胞分化抑制小鼠动脉粥样硬化形成

目的 探究二甲双胍(Met)通过腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/信号转导及转录激活因子3(STAT3)信号通路调控巨噬细胞表型对小鼠动脉粥样硬化(As)形成的影响。方法 体外培养RAW264.7巨噬细胞,使用脂多糖促进巨噬细胞分化,同时使用Met刺激细胞。流式细胞术检测不同表型(CD86、CD206)巨噬细胞比例。Western blot检测相关信号通路蛋白诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、精氨酸酶1(Arg-1)、AMPK、磷酸化AMPK(pAMPK)、STAT3、磷酸化STAT3(pSTAT3)蛋白表达水平。高脂饲料喂养ApoE－/－小鼠构建As模型。实验组(Met组)小鼠予Met灌胃干预,对照组(CTL组)小鼠给予同体积生理盐水灌胃干预。3个月后,提取小鼠大动脉全长(头臂干至双侧髂动脉)及主动脉根部,分别行油红O染色和免疫荧光染色,评价主动脉脂质沉积情况和脂质斑块内巨噬细胞不同表型比例。提取大动脉蛋白,Western blot验证相关信号通路的AMPK、pAMPK、STAT3、pSTAT3蛋白表达水平。结果 细胞实验表明,Met刺激后M1巨噬细胞比例明显减少,M2巨噬细胞比例明显增加(P＜0.05),AMPK活性明显增加,而STAT3活性明显下降。动物实验表明,在造模3个月后,油红O染色示Met组小鼠大动脉全长和主动脉瓣膜处脂质沉积均较CTL组明显减少(P＜0.05)；免疫荧光染色示Met组脂质斑块内M1巨噬细胞比例较CTL组明显减少,而M2巨噬细胞比例较CTL组明显增多(P＜0.05)。Western blot实验显示,与CTL组相比,Met组AMPK活性明显增加,而STAT3活性明显降低(P＜0.05)。结论 Met通过激活AMPK抑制STAT3活性,调控斑块内巨噬细胞表型分化,抑制小鼠As形成。     

The matricellular protein SPARC induces inflammatory interferon-response in macrophages during aging

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全身型幼年特发性关节炎患儿合并巨噬细胞活化综合征早期预警量表建立的研究

目的　总结全身型幼年特发性关节炎（sJIA）合并巨噬细胞活化综合征（MAS）的早期临床特征、实验室及辅助检查特点，筛选对诊断MAS有预警作用的检测指标，并量化形成量表，以达到快速对疾病“早识别，早治疗，降低病死率”的目的。方法　回顾性分析2006年1月至2016年1月，北京儿童医院风湿免疫科收治sJIA合并MAS患儿的病例资料，在临床及辅助检查观测指标中筛选出对早期诊断MAS有评估意义的候选指标；通过ROC曲线的方法选择最佳的诊断界限值（Cut-off值）；采用多因素Logistic回归分析MAS独立危险因素，效果以优势比（OR）表示，计算95％置信区间；经过同行评议对上述因素进行权重分值量化并最终形成积分表。结果　390例sJIA患儿，其中141例合并MAS。临床表现全部患儿均有高热、肝脾和（或）淋巴结进行性增大、血液系统受累，中枢神经系统受累患儿19例。单因素Logistic回归及ROC曲线分析结果显示，MAS组和重症sJIA组比较，10个变量存在显著差异（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示，Fib ≤3.11g/L、WBC≤11.0×109/L、SF/ESR≥99.4及PLT≤260×109/L为MAS的独立危险因素。绘制模型ROC曲线，灵敏度和特异度分别为92.42%、81.20%。经过30位同行专家评议并投票，分别对上述患儿进行MAS诊断，并对各项临床表现及检验检查项目进行权重值评分，形成早期预警量表。结论　临床表现结合辅助检查结果，利用积分量表的形式，快速判断重症sJIA是否合并早期MAS，对诊断窗口提前，提高MAS诊断率，降低漏诊及前瞻性研究提供参考。     

Tumor‐associated macrophages induce lymphangiogenesis in cervical cancer via interaction with tumor cells

Our studies were conducted to investigate the clinical and functional significance of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) in cervical tumor lymphatic metastasis. We found that the increase in macrophages in tumor stroma is significantly associated with lymphatic metastasis (p = 0.017), through performing immunohistochemical staining in 111 cervical samples (55 invasive squamous carcinomas of uterine cervix, 27 cervical intraepithelial neoplasms III, and 29 normal cervix). The human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLEC), which were cultured in conditioned medium of cervical cancer cell‐macrophage coculture, formed more tube‐like structures in vitro, when compared with those in conditioned mediums of LEC, normal cervical epithelium, single macrophage, and single cervical cancer cell (all p < 0.001). The mRNA expressions of IL‐1β and IL‐8 in cervical cancer cells cocultured with macrophages were increased, compared with those in cervical cancer cell cultured alone (p_IL‐1β < 0.05 and p_IL‐8 < 0.01). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of VEGF‐C and VEGF‐A was increased in macrophages cocultured with cervical cancer cells, compared with the expression in those macrophages cultured alone (both p < 0.05). Taken together, the results suggest that TAMs promote lymphangiogenesis mainly through interaction with surrounding cervical cancer cells.     

Increased Expression of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and DJ-1 contribute to Cell Invasion and Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Background and aim: Both macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and DJ-1 protein have been shown to relate with cell invasion and metastasis in tumors. However, the role of DJ-1 in invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its relation to MIF expression in NPC are not fully understood. The aim of present study is to determine whether or not MIF and DJ-1 are correlated with tumor invasion and influence a worse outcome in NPC, as well as its related mechanism.Methods: 125 cases of NPC and 45 normal tissues of nasopharynx were collected. The expression of MIF and DJ-1 in tissue microarray was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Correlation between immunostainings and clinicopathological parameters, as well as the follow-up data of patients, was analyzed statistically. The association of MIF and DJ-1 with cell invasion and migration in NPC cell line were evaluated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, invasion assay and Western blotting.Results: MIF and DJ-1 staining was diffused and strong in tumor cells, whereas they were generally weaker and less common in normal lining epithelia of nasopharynx. High MIF expression in tumor cells (71.2%, 89/125 cases) were significantly associated with advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and worse prognosis of NPC patients. High expression of DJ-1 (75.2%, 94/125 cases) were closely correlated to lymph node metastasis and MIF high-expression. Only MIF high expression (P = 0.010) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004) emerged as strong independent prognostic factors for overall survival of NPC patients. In vitro, down-regulated expression of DJ-1 in NPC cell lines by siRNA was observed to reduce cell migration and invasion potential, however, exogenous MIF promoted cells invasion.Conclusions: The data provided evidence that increased expression of MIF and DJ-1 induced cell invasion and metastasis of NPC, supporting the idea that MIF and DJ-1 may play important roles as regulators in the progression of NPC.